Sequential Administration of Febuxostat, Amlodipine and Vitamin E Attenuate Oxidative Stress and Improve Spermatogenesis in Testicular Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Wistar Rats
Richard Adedamola Ajike
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ogbomoso, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Nigeria.
Oladele Ayobami Afolabi
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ogbomoso, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Nigeria.
Ayodeji Folorunsho Ajayi
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ogbomoso, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Nigeria.
Olajumoke Deborah Ogunleye
*
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ogbomoso, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Nigeria.
Waidi Adeoye Saka
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ogbomoso, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Nigeria.
Olusola Bamidele
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ogbomoso, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Nigeria.
Oluwaseun Samuel Hezekiah
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ogbomoso, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of sequential administration of febuxostat, amlodipine, and vitamin E on oxidative stress and spermatogenesis following testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury (TIRI) in Wistar rats. Ninety male rats (120-150 g) were divided into 9 groups (n=10 each): sham operation (SO), torsion-detorsion (TD), and seven treatment groups receiving different combinations of the drugs. The treatment groups included torsion + febuxostat + detorsion (TFD), torsion + detorsion + amlodipine (TDA), torsion + detorsion + vitamin E (TDV), and combinations thereof (TFDA, TFDV, TDAV, TFDAV). TIRI was induced by 720° clockwise testicular torsion for 1 hour followed by detorsion. Febuxostat (5 mg/kg) was administered 30 minutes after torsion, amlodipine (2.5 mg/kg) immediately upon detorsion, and vitamin E (10 mg/kg) 30 minutes after detorsion.
Rats were sacrificed 56 days post-reperfusion. Testicular tissue was analyzed for antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), total protein, inflammatory markers (serum nitrite, IL-1β), and spermatogenesis indices (testicular biopsy score, Leydig cell count).
Results showed that TIRI significantly decreased antioxidant enzymes, significantly increased lipid peroxidation and inflammatory markers, and impaired spermatogenesis. In the TD group, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly decreased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly compared to the SO group (p<0.01). Serum nitrite and IL-1β levels in the TD group were also increased (p<0.001). Furthermore, the testicular biopsy score and Leydig cell count in the TD group were significantly decreased in this study (p<0.01).
Sequential administration of febuxostat, amlodipine and vitamin E, particularly when all three were used (TFDAV group), significantly attenuated these changes. In the TFDAV group, SOD and CAT activities were improved, while MDA decreased compared to the TD group (p<0.05). Serum nitrite and IL-1β levels in the TFDAV group were also decreased (p<0.001). In addition, the testicular biopsy score and Leydig cell count in the TFDAV group increased in comparison with the TD group (p<0.001).
The study concludes that this sequential multi-drug approach shows promise in mitigating the long-term detrimental effects of TIRI on testicular function and fertility. The combination of febuxostat (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor), amlodipine (a calcium channel blocker), and vitamin E (an antioxidant) appears to provide protection against oxidative stress and inflammation induced by TIRI, thereby preserving spermatogenesis.
Keywords: Oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, spermatogenesis, inflammation, lipid peroxidation