Impact of Khat Chewing on Serum Uric Acid and Albuminuria Levels in Yemeni Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Arafat M A Sa'ad
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Yemen.
Abdulkaraim Al Obaidi
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Yemen.
Ekram AL-Eryani
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Yemen.
Abdulkarim Al-Khawlani
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Yemen.
Khater Gh. H. AL-Hamoodi
Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
Qingzhen Yang
Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
Mohammed Musead A. Kayd
Director and Laboratories of Alfa Medical Laboratories, Ibb City, Yemen.
Tibyan Abd Almajed Altaher
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Shendi University, Sudan.
Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Shendi University, Sudan.
Waha Ismail Yahia Abedalmula
Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
Babbiker Mohammed Taher Gorish
Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China and Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus is the major cause of end-stage renal disease and is a common endocrine illness defined by chronic hyperglycemia. In addition to diabetes, substance addiction is considered to be a cause of renal issues. The World Health Organization has classed khat (Catha edulis) as an illicit substance. Khat interferes with regular physiological activities, which may have negative health impacts on organs and systems.
Objectives: To determine the effect of khat and uric acid on nephropathy in type II diabetes mellitus.
Materials and Methods: This is an analytical, cross-sectional study that was conducted on 215 males aged 35 to 55 years who had previously been diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus and were visiting AL- Thawra General Hospital in Ibb City. The diabetic person was corresponded in age and BMI by the control participant. The subjects were divided into two groups. There were 105 people with type II diabetes mellitus (59% chewing Khat and 46% not chewing Khat), 110 people were healthy and did not have type II diabetes (44% of them chewed Khat and 66% did not chew Khat).
Results: A significant increase in albuminuria and proteinuria within the normal range in the diabetes mellitus Khat Chewer group compared to the diabetes mellitus Non-Khat Chewer group (p˂0.001). However, no significant differences were seen in the healthy control group.
Conclusion: Khat chewing has a strong effect on those with type II diabetes and increases the progression of kidney nephropathy. There was an association between khat chewing and higher uric acid levels in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients.
Keywords: Type II diabetes mellitus, Catha edulis, khat chewing