Effects of Sida corymbosa Leaf-Extract on the Lipid Profile of Carbon Tetrachloride-Injected Male Rats
Charles Chijioke Dike *
Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Sebastine Okechukwu Nwoko
Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Francis Chukwuemeka Ezeonu
Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, PMB 5025, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Ikedichukwu Chibueze Ejiogu
Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Ogbuokiri Doris Kasarachi
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Anambra State, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to investigate how Sida corymbosa ethanolic leaf extract affected the lipid profile of rats injected with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
Study Design: Rats used were grouped into 32. Groups A1-A4: Negative control (those given feed and water only), B1-B4: Positive control (those that stayed for 28 d + CCl4only), C1-H4: Treatment groups (those given Sida corymbosa extract at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kgBW before and after injecting CCl4).
Place and Duration of Study: This study took place at the Department of Human Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAU), Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria, between December 2022 and January, 2023.
Methodology: A total of 160 Albino-Wistar male rats which were about 12 weeks old (170-180 g) were used in the study.
Lipid profile assays (serum total cholesterol-TCHOL, triglycerides-TRIGS, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined in this study.
Carbon Tetrachloride Injection: The rats were injected CCl4 intraperitoneally at 0.4 mg/kgBW using orall canular. Olive oil was used as vector in the ratio of 50: 50 (v/v).
Results were subjected to statistical analysis using SPPS statistical software, version 25.
Results: For rats administered CCl4 before administration of Sida corymbosa ethanolic-leaf extract at 500, 250, and 100 mg/kgBW from 7 to 28 d (treatment groups-C1-E4), serum TCHOL decreased significantly (P< 0.05) in treatment groups (131.69+/-16.08-94.48+/- 18.41, 150.26+/-0.06-109.67+/- 0.67,272.97+/- 66.26-151.09+/-17.56) when compared with the untreated groups-B1-B4 (279.22+/-55.25-398.90+/- 0.58) and negative control Groups-A1-A4 (87.92+/-3.40-88.58+/-16.14. High density lipoprotein increased significantly (P< 0.05) in treatment groups (58.96+/-2.18-65.99+/-1.04,46.73+/-1.41-61.23+/- 16.29, 64.73+/-3.05-76.41+/-1.18). Triglyceride, and LDL also decreased significantly (P< 0.05) among the treatment groups when compared with the positive control (B1-B4) (313.47+/-5.69-388.46+/- 0.5053, 127.36+/- 53.97-215.38+/-0.66) and negative control groups (67.04+/-15.48-66.75+/-16.75, 50.01+/-14.66-50.00+/-15.02).
Conclusion: Sida corymbosa ethanolic-leaf extract, therefore, have protective and curative effects against rats induced hyperlipidemia with CCl4 in a dose-dependent manner.
Keywords: Albino rats, carbon tetrachloride, lipid profile assay, risk factors, sida plants
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Geyue QU, Zhang C, Hong Z. Discordance between apolipoprotein B or non-HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in middle-aged and elderly Chinese patients predicts arterial stiffness. Lipids in Health and Dis. 2021;20:80.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-02-01509-6
Saibin W. Association between serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and metabolic syndrome in a working population. Lipids Health and Dis. 2021; 20:73.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-021-01500-1
Sahar S, Nafiseh K, Zahra S, Javad N. The acute effect of incorporating lettuce or watercress into a moderately high-fat meal on postprandial lipid, glycemic response and plasma inflammatory cytokines in healthy young men: A randomized crossover trial. Lipids Health Dis. 2021;15(1):66.
Qingan F, Lijuan H, Yuan X, Yingping Y. Long Jiang. High lipoprotein (a) concentrations are associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk in the Chinese Han population: A large retrospective cohort study. Lipids in Health and Dis. 2021; 20:76. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-021-01504-x
Erik F. The effects of fat consumption on low-density lipoprotein particle size in healthy individuals: a narrative review. Lipids in Health and Dis. 2021; 20:56
Nariman M, Fatima ZF, Akram V, Abbas BA, Soraya S, Reza F. Serum levels of asprosin. Lipids in Health and Dis. 2021; 20:80. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-02-01509-6
Amanda JB, Alexandra MO, Salimah ZS, Robert AH, Kristin KC. Incidence, predictors and pattern of care of patients with very severe hypertriglyceridemia in Ontario, Canada: A population-based cohort study. Lipids in Health and Dis. 2021; 20:98. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-021-01517-96
Amin AS, Ritesh GM. Carbon tetrachloride toxicity. StatPearls; 2023.
Available:http://creativecomons.org/licenses/by-uc-nd/4.0
Dike CC, Ezeonu FC, Maduka HCC, Ezeokafor EN, Oguazu CE. Hepatoprotective potentials of Sida corymbosa (broom weed) ethanolic leaf extract against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity on male Albino rats. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018a;7(6): 2166-75.
Dike CC, Ezeonu FC, Maduka HCC. The effects of Sida corymbosa leaf extract against abnormal bilirubin and total protein in Albino rats by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Journal of Diseases and Medicinal Plants. 2020;5(2): 39-44.
Okonkwo COJ, Maduka HCC, Dike CC, Oguaka VN, Maduka SO, Ikeotuonye CM. The effect of Dacroydes edulis (African pear) pulp oil extract on serum lipid parameters in male albino wistar rats. Journal of Applied Life Sciences International. 2018;17(1):1-8.
Charles C. Dike, Francis C. Ezeonu, Hugh C.C. Maduka, Emmanuel N. Ezeokafor, Chinyere E. Oguazu. Hepatoprotective potentials of Sida corymbosa (broom weed) ethanolic leaf extract against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity on male Albino rats. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2018a;7(6): 2166-2175.
Dike CC, Ezeonu FC, Oguazu CE, Ezeokafor EN, Maduka HCC. Protective and curative potentials of Sida corymbosa extract against antioxidant depletion in rats administered carbon tetrachloride. American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2021;9(2):97-110.
Dike CC, Ezeonu FC, Maduka HCC, Ezeokafor EN, Oguazu CE. Hepatotherapeutic potentials of Sida corymbosa (wire weed) ethanolic extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute hepatotoxicity on male Albino wistar rats. Europian J Pharm Med Res. 2018b; 5(12):146-155.
Dike CC, Maduka HCC, Ezeokafor EN, Ezeonu FC. Phytochemical and Elemental Analysis of Sida corymbosa (Broom Weed or Wire Weed) Leaf and Root Extracts. Chem Sci Int J. 2018c;24(4): 1-9.
Abart JK, Kumar S, Mohanty A. Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and ethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants of malvaceae used in Indian traditional medicine: A review. Medicines (Basel). 2017;4(4):75.
Dike CC, Ezeonu FC, Maduka HCC. The effects of Sida corymbosa leaf extract against abnormal bilirubin and total protein in Albino rats by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Journal of Diseases and Medicinal Plants. 2020;5(2):39-44.
Sundarganapath R, Niraimathi V, Ananda T, Jambulingm M, Narasimhan B, Aakash D. Phytochemical studies and pharmacological screening of Sida rhombifalia Linn. Hygeia Journal of Dental Medicine. 2013;5(1):19-22.
Enegide C, David A, Fidelis SA. A new method for determining acute toxicity in animal models. Toxicol Int. 2013;20(3): 224-226.
World Health Organization. Recommendations for the preparation, characterization and establishment of international and other biological reference standards. WHO Experimental Committee on Biological standardization. 2004; Fifty-fifth report. WHO Technical Report Series No 932. Available:http://www.whoint/bloodproducts/norms/en/
Parasaraman R, Raveendran R, Kesavan R. Blood sample collection in small laboratory animals. J Pharmacol Pharmacothera. 2017; 8(3):153.
Martin AC. Clinical chemistry and metabolic medicine. In: Hodler A and Edward A. (eds). Lipoprotein. 7th ed; Bookpower; 2006.
Ifedi IC, Ezeokafor EN, Dim CN, Dike CC, Eyeghre OA, Hudu AA, Okoye KP. Hypoglycemic and hepatocurative activities of aju-mbaise on alloxine-diabetic model in male wistar rat. International Journal of Science Academic Research. 2021;2(5): 1515-1520.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Guidance document on mammalian reproductive toxicity testing and assessment, series on testing and assessment. 2008; No. 43. ENV/JM/MONO 16.
Xia F, Hongya W, Ting Y, Xiaozhen T, Yan Z, Jiahao F, Yong X. Low serum maresin-1 levels are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liover diseases: A cross-sectional study. Lipids in Health and Dis. 2021;20: 96.
Ruo-Lan L, Ling-Yu W, Shuqin L, Hu-Xinyue D, Qing Z, Ting Z, Wei P, Yongliang H, Chunjie W. Natural flavonoids derived from fruits are potential agents against atherosclerosis. Front Nutr. 2022;9.
Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.862277