A Comparative Analysis of Nutritional and Chemical Composition of Eight Seeds Used as Native Medicine in West Africa
N. E. Ahajumobi
*
Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Walden University, Minneapolis, USA.
E. T. Oparaocha
Department of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Rising cost of healthcare globally has prompted governments to seek for ways to treat diseases and reduce costs, plants products offers hope.
Aims: To technically conduct a comparative investigation of the nutritional and chemical composition of eight seeds used for treating diseases in West Africa. To determine edibility, suggest new food, prompt suitable choices and provide easy access of consensus evidence to busy healthcare professional.
Place and Duration of Study: Dept of Public Health, College of Health Science, Walden University, Minneapolis, USA, and Dept of Public Health, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria between September 2022 and June 2023; research collaboration.
Methodology: A systematic review supported by a community approach to intervention services theory was used to determine seeds’ composition. Search engines used, Google, Google scholar, Fire fox, and Safari.
Results: Macro and micronutrients are predominantly present. Only three seeds are consumed as food, the rest are thrashed, and some do not have enough evidence as much as modern medicine is concerned; thus, authors goal is education of both health practitioners and the public about the seeds’ nutritional usefulness. Highest concentration of carbohydrates, 78.49% occurred in Chrysophillum albidum, while Plukenatia conophora ranked last, Tetrapleura tetraptera shows highest protein, while Magnifiera indica scored last, 5.67%. Carica papaya contains the highest fat, 28.3%, with Plukenatia conophora ranking last, 4.28%. Fibre concentration in Annona muricata was high, 35.20%, while Magnifera indica scored the least, 2.35%. Ash level in Tetrapleura tetraptera was highest, 5.59%, least amount occurred in Chrysophyllum albidum, 0.84%. Picralima nitida showed the highest energy level, 1468 Kcal/100 g, Magnifiera indica scored the least, 32.51 Kcal/100 g. Outcome would be beneficial to users.
Conclusion: The seeds are rich in nutrients, which link them to health control.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, comparative analysis, native medicine, chemical composition, nutrient composition
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Ahajumobi NE, Oparaocha TE, Eteike P, Felix SO. Effect of water intake on constipation and bowel movement. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health. 2022; 20(9):1-10.
DOI: 10.9734/ajmah/2022/v20i930481
Ahajumobi EN, Anderson PB. Hunteria umbellata extract is a potent agent for effec-tive diabetes control. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health. 2022;20(8):26-36.
DOI: 10.9734/ajmah/2022/v20i830479
Ahajumobi EN. Nutrients, vitamins, mineral and hydration for health restoration. iUniverse, Liberty Drive Bloomington. IN 47403. ISBN: 9781663237408; 2022.
Wilk MJ. Sorrento’s Canadian textbook for the support worker, (Ed 5th).1 Young Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; 2022.
Combs GF, McClung JP. The vitamins: Fundamental aspects of nutrition and health. (5th Edition). Academic Press, Elsevier, Inc, London, United; 2022.
Ajayi IA, Ojelere OO. Chemical composition of ten medicinal plant seeds in West Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Life Science and Technology. 2013; 10(Online):2225-062X.
Adeyemi SB, Afonja AI, Ijaduola AK. Phytochemical and nutritional composition of commonly used medicinal plants during pregnancy in Kwara state, Nigeria. International Journal of Phytofuels and Allied Sciences. 2014;3(1):1-19.
Adusei S, Otchere JK, Oteng P, Mensah RQ, Tei-Mensah E. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and metal chelating capacity of Tetrapleura tetraptera. Elsevier Science Direct Heliyon. 2019;5(11): e02762.
Aladesanmi AJ. Tetrapleura tetraptera: Molluscidal activity and chemical constituents. African Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2007;4(1):23-36.
Adesina AK, Iwalewa EO, Johnny II. Tetrapleura tetraptera Taub-ethnopharmacology, chemistry, medicinal and nutritional values-A review. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2016;12(3):1-22.
Adeola MO. The reproductive toxicity of the ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera pods on male and female swiss albino mice (Mussculus). Journal of Herbal Medicine. November 16 2021;3(1). Doi: 10.22087/hmj.v3i1.675.
Available:http://hmj.lums.ac.ir/index.php/hmj/article/view/675
Oteng P, Otchere JK, Adusei S, Mensah RQ, Tei-Mensah E. (Jan 11, 2020). Vitamin analysis, trace element, and their exyractabilities in Tetrapleura tetraptera. Journal of Chemistry. 2020;8a. ID 1608341.
DOI: 10.1155/2020/1608341.
Akintayo ET, Bayer E. Characterization and some possible uses of Plukenetia conophora and Adenopus breviflorus seeds and seed oils. Journal of Bioresour Technology, 2002;85(1):95-97.
DOI:10.1016/s0960-8524(02)0073-1.
Luis-Felipe Gutierrez, Lina-Maria Rosada, Alvaro Jimenez. Chemical composition of Sacha inchi (Plutenetia volubilis L.) seed characteristics of their lipid fraction. Grasas Y Aceites. 2011;62(1):76-83.
DOI: 10.3989/gya044510.
Chikezie UN. Phytochemical and proximate compositions of Teyracarpidium conophorum [African Walnut] seeds. International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences (IJRSB). 2017;5(10):25-31.
DOI: 10.20431/2349-0365.0510005.
Akpoghelie JO, Esemedafe JU, Ugochukwu G. The nutritional assessment of the seed of walnut (Plukenetia conophora) seed purchased in an open market in Warri, Delta State Nigeria. Journal of Chemosociety; 2016.
Akpoghelie JO et al. The nutritional assessment of the seed of walnut (Plukenetia conophora) seed purchased in an open market in Warri, Delta State. Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria. 2016;41(2016).
Kalita P. (October 22, 2014). An overview on Mangifera indica: Importance and its various pharmacological action. Pharma tutor. 2014;2(12):72-76.
Larbie C, Mills-Robertson FC, Quaicoe EB, Opoku R, Kabiri NC, Abrokwah RO. Tetrapleura tetraptera of Ghanian origin: Phytochemistory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts of plant parts. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2020;32(35):78-96.
DOI: 10.9743/JPRI/2020/v3213530981.
Srivastava AK, Singh VK. Carica papaya-A herbal medicine. International journal of Research Studies in Biosciences (IJRSB). 2016;4(11):19-25. DOI: 10.20431/2349-0365.0411004.
Ahajumobi EN. Nutrition for chronic diseases prevention and control. Lulu Press, U. S. A. Available:https://www.lulu.com; 2018.
Akintola OO, Bodede AI, Ogunbanjo OR. Nutritional and medicinal importance of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruits (Ariddan). African Journal of Science and Research. 2015;6(4):36-41.
Marfo EK, Oke OL, Afolabi OA. Chemical composition of papaya (Carica papaya) Seeds. Elsevier Food Chemistry. 1986; 22.4:259-266.
DOI:10.1016/0308-8146(86)90084-1.
Makanjuola OM, Makanjuola JO. Proximate and selected mineral composition of ripe pawpaw (Carina papaya) seeds and skin. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research. 2018;7(3):75-77.
Nwofia GE. Ojimelukwe P, Eji C. Chemical composition of leaves, fruit pulp and seeds in some Carica papaya (L) morphotypes. International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 2012;2(1):200-206.
Rajasekhar, Pinnamaneni. Nutritional and medicinal value of papaya (Carica Papaya Linn.). World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017;6(8):2559-2578.
DOi:10.20959/wjpps20178-9947. Accessed on December 26, 2021.
Ana V. Coria-Téllez, Efigenia Montalvo-Gónzalez, Elhadi M. Yahia, Eva N. Obledo-Vázquez. Annona muricata: A comprehensive review on its traditional medicinal uses, phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, mechanisms of action and toxicity. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2018;11(5):662-691.
DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.01.004.
Agu KC, Okolie PN. Proximate composition, phytochemical analysis and In vitro antioxidant potentials of extract of Annoa muricata (soursop). Food Science and Nutrition. 2017; 5(5):1026-1036.
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.498.
Nwaehujor IU, Ayanda IS, Lawal IO. Phytochemical Analysis, proximate composition, and mineral contents of the seed of Annona muricata. Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences. 2019;12(806):2096-2103.
Kimbonguila A, Nzikou JM, Matos L, Loumouamou B, Ndangui CB, Pambou-Tobi NPG, Silou T. Proximate composition and physicochemical properties on the seeds and oil of Annona muricata grown in Congo-Brazzaville. Research Journal of Environmental and earth Sciences. 2010; 2(1):13-18.
Onimawo IA. Proximate composition and selected physicochemical properties of the seed, pulp and oil of soursop (Annona muricata). Plant Foods Human Nutrition, 2002;57(2):165-71.
DOI: 10.1023/a: 1015228231512. PMID: 12049148./
Hayatuddeen AT. Chiroma B, Umar M, Bashir M. Comparative analysis of phytochemicals screening, proximate and elemental analysis of Anacardium occidentale L. nuts and carica papaya seeds. Journal of Applied Life Sciences International. 2019;21(4):1-5.
DOI:10.9734/jails/2019/v21i430111.
Akinhanmi TF, Atasie VN, Akintokun PO. Chemical composition and physicochemical properties of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) oil and cashew nut shell liquid. 2008;2(1). ISSN 1934-7235.
Salehi B, Gültekin-Özgüven M, Kırkın C, Özçelik B, Morais-Braga MFB, Carneiro JNP, Sharifi-Rad J. Anacardium Plants: Chemical, nutritional composition and biotechnological applications. Biomolecules. 2019;9(9):465.
DOI: 10.3390/biom9090465
Rico R, Bullo M, Salas-Salvado J. Nutritional composition of raw fresh cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Kernels from different origin. Food Science & Nutrition. 2016;4(2):329-38. DOI:10.1002/fsn3.294.
Akintayo ET, Bayer E. Characterization and some possible uses of Plukenetia conophora and Adenopus breviflorus seeds and seed oils. Bioresource Technology. 2002;85,(1):95-97. ISSN 0960-8524.
DOI: S0960-8524(02)00073-1
Ayoola PB, Faboya OOP, Onawumi OOE. Comparative analysis of the phytochemical and nutritional evaluation of the seeds and the leaves of Plukenetia conophora plant. IISTE Chemistry and Materials Research. 2013;3(9). ISSN 2225-0956.
Iwu IC, Chijioke-Okere M, Onu UL, Ukaoma AA, Onwumere F. Minerals and phytochemical constituents of Magnifera Indica seed kernel obtained from eastern Nigeria. African Journal of Agriculture and Food Science. 2018;1(2):1-11.
Akinyemi SOS, Akin-Idowu, PE, Oduntan OO, Egbekunle KO. Chemical composition of the seed kernel flour of some mango (Magnifera indica L.) Journal of Biological and Chemical Research. 2015;32(1):160-173.
Nadzmng.blogspot.com. Literature Review of Mangifera indica. June 2011;13.
Khandare MS. Mango (Magifera indica) a medicinal and holy plant. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 2016;4(4):44-46. DOI:10.3390/antiox10020299.
Pyar H, Peh KK, Min-Tze L. Proximate composition of mango (Mangifera indica L.) and honeydew (Cucumis melo) wastes fermented with monoculture of probiotics Lactobacillus species. In: Gnanamalar Sarojini Daniel E. (eds). Biology Education and Research in a Changing Planet. Springer, Singapore. 2015;v(i):143-153.
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-287-524-2_15
Samanta S, Chanda R, Ganguli S, Reddy AG, Banerjee J. Anti-diabetic activity of mango (Mangifera): A review. MOJ Bioequivalence & Bioavailability. 2019; 6(2):23-26.
DOI: 10.15406/mojbb.2019.06.00131.
Shaikh RN, Agarkar, BS, Kshirsagar RB, Bachate AH. Studies on physical, chemical and mineral evaluation of mango (Mangigera indica L.). The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2021;10(6): 446-449.
Amadi UA, Omoboyowa DA, Aja OA. Comparative evaluation of chemical profile of Chrysophillum albidum seed cotyledon and leaf. Journal of Plants Studies. 2016;4(4):203-207.
Akinmoladun AC, Falaiye OE, Ojo OB et al. Effect of extraction technique, solvent polarity, and plant matrix on the antioxidant properties of Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don (African Star Apple). Bull Natl Res Cent. 2022;46(40).
DOI:10.1186/s42269-022-00718-y
Jayeoba OJ, Ige MM. Chemical composition and physical properties of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum). ASSET: An International Journal (Series A). 2010;7(1):37-42.
Falodun A, Nworgu ZA, Ikponmwonsa MO. Phytochemical components of Hunteria umbellata (K. Schum) and its effect on isolated non-pregnant rat uterus in oestrus. Pakistan Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 2006;19(3):256-8.
PMID: 16935835.
Abubakar AN, Akanya HO, Egwim EC, Saidu AN. Antioxidant and hypoglycaemic effect of some medicine plants. GSC Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019;08(02):070-080.
DOI. 10.30574/gscbps.2019.8.2.0124.
Ajayi IA, Ojelere OO. Chemical composition of ten medicinal plant seeds in West Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Life Science and Technology. 2013;10(Online): 2225-062X.
Ajayi IA, Ojelere OO. Phytochemical analysis and mineral composition of ten medicinal plant seeds from South-West Nigeria. New York Science Journal. 2013;6(9)Online.
Akinmoladun AC, Falaiye OE, Ojo OB, Adeoti A, Amoo ZA, Olaleye MT. Effect of extraction technique, solvent polarity, and plant matrix on the antioxidant properties of Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don (African Star Apple). Bull Natl Res Cent. 2020; 46(40).
DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00718-y.
Krishna KL, Paridhavi M, Patel JA. Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of papaya (Carina papaya Linn). Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources (IJNPR). 2008:7(4):364-373.
Duru IA, Duru CE. Identification and quantification of phytochemical from carica papaya linn (caricaceae) Root Extract using GC-FID. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria. 2019;44(7): 1291-1297.
Anyamele T, Onwuegbuchu PN, Eziuche Amadike Ugbogu EA, Ibe C. Phytochemical composition, bioactive properties and toxicological profile of Tetrapleura tetraptera. Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry. 2023; 131(2): 106288.
Enema OJ, Adesina SK, Umoh UF, Eseyin OA. Gas chromatography (GC-MS) studies of fixed oil of Tetrapleura tetraptera Taub. (Mimosaceae). Journal of Pharmacology and Pytochemistry. 2019;8(6):1237-1241.
Dakuyo R, Konate K, Sanou A, Kabore K, Sama H, Bazie D…, Diko, et al. MH. Comparison of proximate and phytonutrient compositions of cashew nuts and apples from different geographical areas of Burkino Faso. Journal of Biomedical Research International. 2022; 2022(1800091):12. ID 1800091.
DOI:10.1155/2022/1800091.
Salehi B, Gültekin-Özgüven M, Kırkın C, Özçelik B, Morais-Braga MFB, Carneiro JNP, Bezerra CF, Silva TGd, Coutinho HDM, Amina B, Armstrong L, Selamoglu Z, Sevindik M, Yousaf Z, Sharifi-Rad J, Muddathir AM, Devkota HP, Martorell M, Jugran AK, Martins N, Cho WC. Anacardium plants: Chemical, nutritional composition and biotechnological applications. Biomolecules. 2019;9(9): 465. DOI:10.3390/biom9090465.
Uyoh EA, Ita EE, Nwofia, GE. Evaluation non the chemical composition of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum and Thom) Taub. Accessions from Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Medicinal Aromatic Plants. 2013;3(3):386-394. ISSN 2249-4340.
Akin-Idowu PE, Ibitoye DO, Ademoyegun OT, Adeniyi OT. Chemical composition of the dry fruit of Tetrapleura tetraptera and its potential impact on human health. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal plants. 2011; 17(1):52-61.
DOI:10.1080/10496475.2011.560087.
Morakinyo AE, Oladeji OA, Fajoba, AO, Adelowo, JM, Babarinde SO, Adepoju AE. Phytochemical analysis and anti-hyperlipidemic potentials of ethanol extract of Hunteria umbellata seeds. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 2020; 15(4):01-09.
Fowomola MA. Some nutrients and anti-nutrients contents of mango (Magnifera indica) seed. African Journal of Food Science. 2010;4(8):472-476.
Abara PN, Aloke C, Ekpono EU, Eneh CP, Offor CE, Ugwu OPC. Vitamin and mineral composition of Annona muricata. International Digital Organization for Scientific Research IDOSR. Journal of Scientific Research. 2017;2(1):76-82.
Dotto JM, Abihudi SA. Neutraceutical value of Carica papaya: A Review. Elsevier Journal of Scientific African. 2021; 13(2021):e00933. ISSN 2468-2276.