Comparative Analysis of the Phytochemicals, Proximate and Mineral Compositions of Scent Leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Leaves
International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review,
Page 1-9
DOI:
10.9734/ijbcrr/2020/v29i730200
Abstract
Ocimum gratissimum (fam.Lamiaceae) ‘Scent leaf’ and Vernonia amygdalina (fam.Asteraceae) ‘Bitter leaf’ are commonly consumed vegetables in Southern Nigeria. O. gratissimum is used by the ‘Igbos’ of South East Nigeria to flavor soups and stews while it is popular with the ‘Yorubas’ of South West Nigeria for treatment of stomach disorders. V. amygdalina is a well known vegetable in West Africa used as both food and for its pharmaceutical properties. The enormous use of these vegetables in the diet motivated the present study whereby the food compositions, mineral constituents and the phytochemicals of the two vegetables were determined. Qualitative analysis, of the aqueous extracts, revealed the presence of saponins, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenolics and anthraquinones in both vegetables. Generally V. amygdalina contained higher quantities of secondary metabolites, saponin which was reported as the highest amount was 5.71±0.12 mg/g and 3.52±0.01 mg/g followed by terpenoids 5.64±0.11 mg/g and 3.40±0.11 mg/g in V. amygdalina and O. gratissimum respectively. There is however a minute amount of anthraquinone in the two vegetables. Proximate analysis and macro elements were determined using their various standard methods. The results of proximate analysis revealed the presence of moisture (12.28 ± 0.02% and 10.01± 0.01%) protein (35.37±0.11% and 22.20±0.02%) and total ash (6.00±0.20% and 5.75±0.10%) each in V. amygdalina and O. gratisimum respectively. The following minerals were present calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, copper and zinc, with zinc being in the highest concentration (46.80± 0.03 mg/kg and 58.00±0.12 mg/kg) followed by copper (9.45±0.11 mg/kg and 16.60 ± 0.03 mg/kg) each in V. amygdalina and O. gratissimum respectively. There are higher values of phytochemicals and food components in V. amygdalina while O. gratissimum had higher mineral contents. These two vegetables are potential source of components for complementary medicine.
Keywords:
- Plant
- food
- bitter leaf
- scent leaf
- nutrients
How to Cite
References
Tapsil IC, Hemphil I, Chobiac L. Health benefits of herbs and spices, the past, present and future. Med. Journal, Australia. 2006;185(4):4-24.
Lai PK, Roy JR. Antimicrobial and chemopreventive properties of herbs and spices. Curr Med. Chem. 2004;11(11): 1451-1460.
Sofowora A. Medicinal plant and traditional medicine in Africa. 2nd Edition, Spectrum Books Limited. Ibadan. 1999;178-188.
Odugbeni T. Outline of medicinal plants in Nigeria, 1st Edition, University of Lagos Press. Nigeria. 2006;7780.
WHO. Guideline for the Assessment of Herbal Medicine, Geneva. 2004;270.
Effraim KD, Jacks TW, Sopio OA. Histopathological studies on the toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leaves extracts on some organs of rabbit. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 2003;6:21–28.
Erinle OD. Phytochemical screening of scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) extracts. N. D. Project, FCFFT, New Bussa, Niger State. 2012;1-5.
Oludosu-Ajahi RN, Dienye HE, Ajayi CT, Erinle OD. Comparative screening of phytochemicals compounds in scent leaf Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (Family. Lamiaceae) and bitter leaf Vernonia amygdalina Dei. (Family: Asteraceae) extracts. Advances in Resaerch Zoology and Botany. 2017;5(4):50-54.
Health Facts NG. Health facts. Designed by iQubeLabs.www.healthfacts.ng. 2015;1-5.
Iwu MM. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants, Flourida CRC Press Inc. Boca Ration. 1993;40.
DI Stasi LC, Oliveira GP, Carvalhaes MA, Queiroz M Jr., Tien O, Kkinmi SH. Medicinal plants popularly used, J. of Physical and Chemical Sciences Volume 1 issue 1 ISSN: 2348-3278 in the Brazilian Tropical Atlantic Forest Filoterapia. 2002;73:69-91.
Ijeh II, Njoku OU, Ekenze EC. Medicinal evaluation of Xylopia aethiopica and Ocimum gratissimum. Journal of Medicinal Aromatics Science. 2004;36(1):44-49.
Muanya C. Scent and bitter leaves retard growth of cancers, boost immune system. Guardian Newspaper Publication of 3rd September 30; 2015.
Akujobi CO, Ogbulie JN, Njoku HO. The extracts of Ocimum gratissimum on the dehydrogenase activities to clinical isolates of Eschricha coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Agricultural Technology. 2010;6(1)57-65.
Audu I, Shuaibu BS, Alona CL, Murtala MM, Jiya A. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) collected from Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria on some selected pathogenic micro-organism; 2018.
Abdullahi M. Phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial and grain protectant activities of clove Basil (Ocimum gratissimum L) grown in Niger. Journal of Plant Research. 2012;2(1):51-55.
Agholor K, Lucy M, Yaki Idris, Abubakar Lucy F, Olusoh, Rakiya Zubairu. Anti bacterial activity of Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) on some pathogenic gastrointestinal. 2018;17.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). Official methods of analysis, 20th Ed. Washington DC, USA. 2016;120.
Mgbemena NM, Ilechukwu I, Okwunodulu FU, Chukwurah JO, Lucky JB. Chemical composition, proximate and phytochemical analysis of Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombulu peels, seed coat, leaves and seeds. Ovidius University of Anals of Chemistry Science do. 2019;30(1):65-69.
Alexander, Priscilla. Phytochemical screening and mineral composition of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum (Scent leaf). Int. J. Appl. Sci. Bio Technol. 2016;4(2).
Udochukwu U, Omeje FI, Uloma IS, Oseiwe FD. Phytochemical analysis of Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum extracts on their antibacterial activity on some drug resistant bacteria. Journal of Research Communication. 2015;3(5):225-235.
Kashiwada Y, Wang HK, Nagao T, Kitanaka S, Yasuda I, Fujioka T. Anti-AIDS agents 30 anti activity of oleanolic acid pomolic acid and structurally related triterpenoids. Journal of Natural Product. 2009;61:1090-1095.
Banno N, Akihia T, Yasukawa K, Higashihara HM, Ukiya, Watanabe K. Triterpene acids from leaves of Perillafrutescenes and their anti- inflammatory and anti-tumour promoting effects. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 2004;68:85-90.
Rhoades DF. Evolution of plant chemical defence against herbivores. In G. A. Rosenthal and D. H. Janzen; Herbivores: Their Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolites (Academic Press, New York). 2009;41.
Armella T. Mbaveng, Victor Kuete. Harmful and protective effects of Terpenoids from African medicinal plants. Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants. Elsevier Inc. 2014;557-576.
Perveen S. Terpenes and terpenoids. Introductory Chapter Intech Open; 2018.
Available:https://www Intechopen.com
Qui S, Sun H, Zhang AH, Xu HV, Van GI, Han Y. Natural alkaloids; basi aspects, biological roles and future perspectives roles and future. Chin. J. Med. 2004;12(6): 401-406.
Prabhavathi RM, Prasad MP, Jayaram M. Studies on qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Cissus quadrangularis. Pelagria Research Library Advances in Applied Science Research. 2016;7(4):11-17.
Bouttwell RK. An over view of the role of Nutrition in carcinogenesis. In Nutrition Growth and Cancer, Harms, C.C. and P.A. Cerutti (Eds) Alan. R. LIss London. 1998;387-418.
Okeke CU, Ekekwa I. Proximate and preliminary phytochemicals analysis of avocado pear Persea gratissuma Gaertn.f. (Family. Lauraceae) Niger J. Bot. 2006;19: 156-162.
Ilodibia CV, Ugwu UR, Okeke CU, Ezeabara CA, Okeke NF, Akachukwu EE, Aziagba BO. Determination of proximate composition of various parts of two Dracaena specie. Int. J. Bot. 2014;10(1): 37-41.
Awe S, Okeke OL, Usman AA. Comparative of proximate and mineral composition of selected fruits and vegetables. Futa Journal of Research in Sciences. 2018;14(1):67-74.
Olumide MA, Ajahi OA, Olufunso EA. Comparative study of proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina and Moringa oleifera. Journal Medical Plant Research. 2019;13(15):301–356.
Ogbodna GE, Kabari LG. Heavy Metal content in bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) grown along heavy traffics routes in Port Harcourt, Agricultural Chemistry, Margarita Stoytcheva and Roumen 2(atev, Intech). 2015;201–210.
Tudor R, Zalewski PD, Ratnaike RN. Zinc in health and chronic disease. J. Nutri. Health Aging. 2005;9:45-50.
Okunlola GO, Jumoh MA, Olatunji OA, Rufia Abdulfatai B, Adepeju O. Omidiran. Proximate analysis, mineral composition and antioxidant properties of bitter leaf and scent leaf. International Journal of Vegetable Science Taylor and Francis. 2018;1-10.
Hollenman G, Arnold F, Wiberg G, Egon WW. “Natrium” lehrbuch der An organischemchemie (in German) (91-100 Ed). Walter de Gruyter. 1988;931-943.
-
Abstract View: 1574 times
PDF Download: 1935 times
