International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review

Rapid climatic changes in the Anthropocene era have intensified environmental stresses such as drought, heat waves, salinity, and oxidative damage, threatening global crop productivity and food security. While traditional plant breeding and genetic engineering have contributed to stress-tolerant crop varieties, these approaches alone may not keep pace with the accelerating impacts of climate change. Increasing attention has therefore shifted toward the soil– rhizosphere microbiome as a critical biological resource for enhancing crop resilience. This review provides a focused snapshot of research progress between 2024 and 2026 on the role of soil microbial diversity in supporting plant adaptation to climate stress. Recent studies demonstrate that beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms enhance plant resilience through multiple interconnected mechanisms. Microbial production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) improves soil aggregation and water retention, helping plants withstand drought and osmotic stress. Certain Bacillus and Pseudomonas species have been shown to trigger Induced Systemic Thermotolerance (IST) by stimulating the expression of plant heat-shock proteins that protect photosynthetic machinery under extreme heat conditions. In addition, plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria regulate plant antioxidant defense systems, reducing oxidative damage caused by stress-induced reactive oxygen species. The period from 2024–2026 (April) has also witnessed a shift from single-strain biofertilizers toward synthetic microbial consortia (SynComs), where diverse microbial communities provide functional redundancy and improved stability across varying soil environments. Advances in metagenomics, systems biology, and CRISPR-based genome editing have further enabled researchers to identify microbial signatures associated with highly resilient soils. These technologies are supporting the emerging concept of “microbiome recruitment,” in which plants are engineered or selected to release root exudates that attract beneficial microbes during environmental stress. Despite these advances, translating microbiome-based solutions from laboratory studies to scalable field applications remains a major challenge. Overall, the soil microbiome represents a powerful yet underutilised component of climate- resilient agriculture. Future research must integrate microbial ecology, biotechnology, and field-scale agronomic practices to bridge the gap between laboratory discoveries and practical farming solutions. Harnessing the functional diversity of soil microbial communities may play a crucial role in sustaining crop productivity under increasingly unpredictable climate conditions.